INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Industrial Biotechnology simple notes ;
Media preparation providing of microorganisms substrate for product production.

Fermentation - Fermenter

Conversion of sugar - alcohol,acid,gas
Alcohol - wine
Acid - glucose
Gas - Carbon dioxide

Fermeter - is a device in which the cultivated and motivated to produce a derived product.
Upstream - harvest of product from media and purification.
Downstream - provides media, substrate, microorganisms - for the production of product.

To learn about various bio process and engineering techniques and is important in industries.

Reduction of energy consumption as well as pollution and waste generation for product.

Benefits ;
Develop new products.
Improve industrial process Replacement of petroleum based feedstock.
Improved product quantity.

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity definition ;
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems.

Significance of biodiversity ;
1. Biodiversity is very important for human life as we depend on plants, microorganisms, and animals for our food, medicine and industrial products.
2. Biodiversity protects the fresh air, clean water and productive land.
3. It is also important for forestry, fisheries and agriculture, which depend on rich variety of various biological resources available in nature.
4. Loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any country.

Loss of biodiversity ;
1. The farmers introduce new hybrid seeds in agriculture fields.
2. Human activities like deforestation, reclamation and construction of dams.
3. Increasing industrial activities.

Levels of biodiversity ; 
Biodiversity is generally classified into three types
         Genetic diversity
         Species diversity
         Community (or) Ecosystem diversity

rRNA NOTES

rRNA ;
       Ribosomal RNA constites the larger part of total cellular RNA.
It is synthesis in a nucleus.

Types :-

 Eukaryotes - 28S rRNA , 80S rRNA , 5.8S rRNA , 5rRNA
28S, 5.8S and 5S rRNA occur in 60S Ribosomal subunits.
80S rRNA occurs in 40S ribosomal subunit.

Prokaryotes - 23S rRNA , 16S rRNA , 5S rRNA
23S rRNA , 5S rRNA occurs in 50S ribosomal subunit.
16S rRNA occurs in 70S ribosomal subunit.

Functions of rRNA ;
The rRNA formed extend in 2° structure and place an active role in conserved of mRNA , TRNA.
In Eukaryotes 50 to 5000 sets of rRNA genes and as many as million ribosomes maybe present in a single cell.
In prokaryotes have fewer sets of rRNA genes and ribosomes cell.
Make a protein ribosomes like together amino acid.
Liking amino acid together function of rRNA in the larger subunit of ribosomes.

CONSTITUTES OF FOOD

CONSTITUTES OF FOOD;
To get the knowledge about constituents of food & properties with is central to food science.

Food is a substance consumed to provide nutrition support for an organism.

It is usually plant / animal origin.

The substance is assimilated by the organism is provided a energy and stimulated growth.

2 types;
Major : carbohydrate , proteins , Fat (lipids)
Minor : vitamins , minerals

Some inorganic and mineral compound and different group of organic substance in small preparation.
      e.g , Emulsifier,acid,oxidase, pigments, Flavors, Antioxidant.

Water is a next constituents. Whish is present in 60℅ in human body.

The composition of the food the compounds organized. Give a food in diurnal characteristic the food.
              

WATSON AND CRICK MODEL

WATSON AND CRICK MODEL ;

Watson and Crick model of DNA replication suggested that once DNA replication is initiated, the two original polynucleotide strands of the duplex will unwind, so that each can serve as the template for a new strand.

TYPES OF RIBOSOMES

Ribosomes;

The ribosomes occur in cells, both Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In Prokaryotic cells the ribosomes often occur freely in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotic cells the ribosomes either occur freely in the cytoplasm or remain attached to the outer surface of membrane of endoplasmic reticulum.

TYPES OF RIBOSOMES ;
        Recently accuroding to the size and the sedimentation coefficient (S) two types of ribosomes have been recognised.

70S Ribosomes;
             The 70S ribosomes are comparatively smaller in size and have sedimentation coefficient 70S and the molecular weight 2.7×106 daltons.
One dalton equals the weight of hydrogen atom.
According to the data of electron microscopy the dimension of the dry particles of 70S ribosomes are 170×170×200 A°.
They occur in the Prokaryotic cells of the blue green algae and bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.

80S Ribosomes;
              The 80S ribosomes some have the sedimentation coefficient of 80S and the molecular weight 40 × 10×10×10×10×10×10 daltons.
The 80S ribosomes occur in eukaryotic cells of the plants and animals.
The ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are always smaller than 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes and are comparable to Prokaryotic ribosomes in both size and sensitivity to antibiotics, although their sedimentation values vary in different phyla, e.g., 77S in mitochondria of Fungi , 60S in mitochondria of mammals and 60S in mitochondria of animals in general.
The ribosomes of chloroplasts are 70S type.

PROTOZOA

What is Protozoa ;

Protozoa is the primitive group of animals.

Proto - means primitive & Zoon means animal .

Study of Protozoa - protozoology

Unicellular , eukaryotic , microscopic observation.

Characteristics ;

They may be aquatic mostly found in moisture habitat including sewage, sludge .

3000 sps are present in parasitic to animals & humans.

Factors that control their population growth are light , temperature , PH & nutrients.

    Optimum temperature - 16° - 25° c
    Maximum temperature - 35° - 45°c

Organ of locomotion - pseudopodia , Celia , flagella.

Reproduction by fission / binary / division.

They could be pathogens to humans & animals.

Either Endoparasites.

Classification ;

They can be classified in to 4 groups based on it structure.

1. Rhizopoda / sarcodima
2. Mastigopora
      - Trypanosoma
      - Leishmania
      - Trichomonas
      - Giardia
3. Approximately
4. Ciliate